Platelet-Rich Fibrin as a Bone Graft Material in Oral and Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration: Classification and Summary for Better Application.

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous platelet concentrate that consists of cytokines, platelets, leukocytes, and circulating stem cells. It has been considered to be effective in bone regeneration and is mainly used for oral and maxillofacial bone. Although currently the use of PRF is thought to support alveolar ridge preservation, there is a lack of evidence regarding the application of PRF in osteogenesis. In this paper, we will provide examples of PRF application, and we will also summarize different measures to improve the properties of PRF for achieving better osteogenesis. The effect of PRF as a bone graft material on osteogenesis based on laboratory investigations, animal tests, and clinical evaluations is first reviewed here. In vitro, PRF was able to stimulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, mineralization, and osteogenesis-related gene expression. Preclinical and clinical trials suggested that PRF alone may have a limited effect. To enlighten researchers, modified PRF graft materials are further reviewed, including PRF combined with other bone graft materials, PRF combined with drugs, and a new-type PRF. Finally, we will summarize the common shortcomings in the application of PRF that probably lead to application failure. Future scientists should avoid or solve these problems to achieve better regeneration.

A New Classification of Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies: Systematic Review of Three-Dimensional Printing for Patient-Specific Craniomaxillofacial Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional printing technology has been advancing in surgical applications. This systematic review examines its patient-specific applications in craniomaxillofacial surgery. METHODS: Terms related to "three-dimensional printing" and "surgery" were searched on PubMed on May 4, 2015; 313 unique articles were returned. Inclusion and exclusion criteria concentrated on patient-specific surgical applications, yielding 141 full-text articles, of which 33 craniomaxillofacial articles were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-three articles included 315 patients who underwent three-dimensional printing-assisted operations. The most common modeling software was Mimics, the most common printing software was 3D Systems, the average time to create a printed object was 18.9 hours (range, 1.5 to 96 hours), and the average cost of a printed object was $1353.31 (range, $69.75 to $5500). Surgical procedures were divided among 203 craniofacial patients (205 three-dimensional printing objects) and 112 maxillofacial patients (137 objects). Printing technologies could be classified as contour models, guides, splints, and implants. For craniofacial patients, 173 contour models (84 percent), 13 guides (6 percent), two splints (1 percent), and 17 implants (8 percent) were made. For maxillofacial patients, 41 contour models (30 percent), 48 guides (35 percent), 40 splints (29 percent), and eight implants (6 percent) were made. These distributions were significantly different (p < 0.0001). Four studies compared three-dimensional printing techniques to conventional techniques; two of them found that three-dimensional printing produced improved outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional printing technology in craniomaxillofacial surgery can be classified into contour models (type I), guides (type II), splints (type III), and implants (type IV). These four methods vary in their use between craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery, reflecting their different goals. This understanding may help advance and predict three-dimensional printing applications for other types of plastic surgery and beyond.

[Current Nomina Anatomica for oral and maxillofacial surgery]. / Nomenclature anatomique utile en chirurgie orale et maxillo-faciale.

Using the international organonymy is mandatory as well for daily clinical practice as for research and teaching our students. The international organonymy, Nomina Anatomica, is in Latin. A rather unsuccessful attempt at using a French version of the international organonymy in clinical practice has been made in France. Eponyms have been systematically contraindicated; the definitions of general anatomy are applied, as well as a systematic Gallicization of the Latin terminology. Despite a stringent observance of these rules, some terms remain inappropriate because they are misleading or inaccurate. Furthermore, using this language used worldwide remains uneasy in daily clinical practice. We had for objective to focus on the main anatomical terms used routinely in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and to justify their use in clinical practice, research, and education.

The management of dental patients taking new generation oral anticoagulants.

Recently, new oral anticoagulants have been introduced as alternatives to warfarin. While national guidelines for treatment of dental patients taking warfarin as an anticoagulant are well-established, no such information is available for these novel therapeutic agents. At present, the local guidance available is contradictory between different health boards/health planning units, and liaison with the medical practitioner managing the individual patient's anticoagulation is imperative if any invasive procedure is proposed. This paper examines the available evidence regarding these drugs and sets out proposals for clinical guidance of dental practitioners treating these patients in primary dental care.

Patients' expectations and online presence of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the United Kingdom.

In patient-centred medical practice, consideration of the patients' expectations is vital to the planning and delivery of service. Modern medicine must use the continuing advances in information technology to disseminate knowledge and raise awareness among patients and the public. People increasingly use the Internet to search for information on health, and the online presence of an organisation or a profession is known to bring a wide range of benefits. We aimed to find out what patients expect from the website of an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) unit and to assess the online presence of OMFS units in the United Kingdom. Results from 100 self-administered questionnaires showed that there were 18 common domains that patients would like to see on OMFS websites. When ranked according to the number of times they were mentioned, a map of the department was mentioned most and the complaints policy least. Of the 156 OMFS units in the UK, only 51% have websites and of these, 80% are in London. There were none in Wales and Northern Ireland. Only half of the websites contained information that related to patients' expectations. Strategies to improve the content of websites for OMFS units and to improve their online presence are urgently needed.

A retrospective audit to evaluate the effect of the change in midazolam concentration from 10 mg/5 ml to 5 mg/5 ml ampoules on midazolam doses given to sedation patients following the rapid response report (RRR).

UNLABELLED: The technique of intravenous sedation with a benzodiazepine is a well documented and successful method for reducing fear and anxiety in many patients who regard dental treatment as challenging and potentially painful. One of the most important factors to achieving a well sedated patient is ensuring the dose of the drug given is titrated to the individual patient. Five years ago, a Rapid Response Report issued by the National Patient Safety Agency changed the concentration of midazolam within a 5 ml ampoule from 10 mg/5 ml to 5 mg/5 ml. A retrospective audit of 300 patients undergoing oral surgery treatment under intravenous midazolam sedation at Birmingham Dental Hospital was carried out over a 6-month period to assess whether this difference in midazolam concentration had any influence on the average dose of midazolam given to these patients. STUDY GROUP: The midazolam doses given by five clinicians were audited both before and after the concentration change. RESULTS: the mean midazolam dose that was administered by three clinicians decreased following the change in concentration. In addition, the number of patients given greater than 5 mg midazolam following the change decreased with all five clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: The change in midazolam concentration from 10 mg/5 ml to 5 mg/5 ml ampoules has resulted in the overall average dose of midazolam given by five clinicians at Birmingham Dental Hospital to decrease.

Clinical performance of access flap surgery in the treatment of the intrabony defect. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

AIM: To systematically review the literature and to determine the clinical performance of conservative surgery (CS) for the treatment of intrabony defects (ID). METHODS: RCTs on ID treatment with 12 months of follow-up were identified through electronic databases and hand-searched journals. Primary outcomes were tooth survival, clinical attachment (CAL) gain, probing depth (PD) reduction and gingival recession increase (REC). Weighted means and forest plots were calculated for each outcome variable 12 months after surgery. Long-term stability was explored with RCTs of at least 24 months of follow-up. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the type of flap. RESULTS: Twenty-seven trials reporting 647 subjects and 734 defects were identified. Twelve months after CS, tooth survival was 98% (IQ: 96.77-100), CAL gain 1.65 mm (95% CI: 1.37-1.94; p < 0.0001), PD reduction 2.80 mm (CI: 2.43-3.18; p < 0.0001) and REC increase 1.26 mm (CI: 0.94-1.49; p < 0.0001). Longer follow-up showed similar findings. CI of CAL gain were 1.44-3.52 for recently introduced papilla preservation flaps and 1.25-1.89 mm for access flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of intrabony defect with CS is associated with high tooth retention and improvement of periodontal clinical parameters. Clinical performance may vary according to the type of surgical flap used.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery: what are the French specificities?

PURPOSE: Oral and maxillofacial surgery has expanded rapidly over the past century. Recognition in France has grown since the first face transplantation in the world performed by Professor Bernard Devauchelle. This speciality, which seems to correspond to a narrow scope of services, actually involves oral, plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgeries of the face. French training for maxillofacial surgeons differs from the Anglo-Saxon course of study. After examining surveys carried out in Great Britain, the United States, and Brazil, the perception of this speciality in the general public and among regular correspondents (general practitioners and dental practitioners) was ascertained. MATERIALS AND METHODS: More than 4,000 questionnaires were sent to health care workers and patients attending dental practices. The returned questionnaires concerning recognition of this profession in France were analyzed. Evaluating awareness of maxillofacial surgery among practitioners and the public was of particular interest because it can overlap with several other specialities (ear, nose, and throat; plastic surgery; odontology). The questionnaire included the 20 items used in other similar studies so the results could be compared. RESULTS: Several fields of expertise were identified in maxillofacial surgery, in particular traumatology, surgery for facial birth defects, and orthognathic surgery. Moreover, dental practitioners were found to be the most regular correspondents of maxillofacial surgeons compared with general practitioners. Compared with Anglo-Saxon and Brazilian peers, French recognition of maxillofacial surgery was better. CONCLUSION: Despite encouraging results, maxillofacial surgery remains a somewhat obscure speciality for health care workers and the general public. Better awareness is necessary for this speciality to become the reference in facial surgery.

Classification of surgical approaches to the mandibular condyle.

Published articles on surgical approaches to the mandibular condyle seem to be confusing. We present a classification system that describes and differentiates between surgical approaches to the mandibular condyle and is based on the relation to the facial nerve, height of the approach, and choice of skin incision.

Uso de obturadores en cirugía oral y maxilofacial. Presentación de cinco casos clínicos / Use of obturators in oral and maxillofacial surgery. A report of five cases

Los defectos creados en el maxilar, principalmente tras cirugía resectiva de tumores malignos, traumatismo o defectos congénitos, deben ser corregidos con el fin de recuperar los consecuentes déficits en el habla, la deglución, la masticación y la estética. Para ello contamos con dos amplias posibilidades: reconstrucción quirúrgica o colocación de un obturador protésico maxilar. En este artículo llevamos a cabo una revisión de la literatura reciente y clásica sobre obturadores palatinos, ilustrándola mediante 5 casos clínicos con esta opción terapéutica. Hemos encontrado descritas una amplia variedad de modificaciones para los distintos tipos de obturadores, como la fabricación de aletas nasales, colocación de obturadores de forma inmediata tras la cirugía, el hecho de ahuecar el aditamento obturador, etc. En nuestra práctica hemos observado una serie de ventajas en la colocación de este tipo de prótesis de forma posquirúrgica diferida y en estrecha colaboración con su médico responsable(AU)

Defects created in the maxillary bone, principally after surgical resection of malignant tumors, trauma or congenital defects, must be corrected to eliminate the resulting speech, swallowing, and chewing defects and restore the cosmetic appearance. Two major options available are surgical reconstruction or the placement of a maxillary obturator prosthesis. The recent and classic literature on palatal obturators is reviewed and five clinical cases treated with a palatal obturator are reported. A large variety of modifications have been reported for different types of obturators, such as nasal wings, immediate postoperative obturator prosthesis placement, etc. In the authors' experience, deferred postoperative obturator placement in close collaboration with the responsible doctor has advantages(AU)

Parotidectomies in benign parotid tumours: "Sant Pau" surgical extension classification.

INTRODUCTION AND GOALS: At present different options co-exist for treating a benign tumour of the parotid gland, which has led to some confusion about the extent of resection performed in each case. In an effort to improve this situation, we created a classification system to define the areas removed. We started using this classification in July, 2006, and this article reviews its applicability and usefulness. METHODS: We analyzed 44 patients who underwent surgery for clinically benign tumours of the parotid gland in our department between July, 2006, and December, 2008. In all resections, our classification was applied, dividing the parotid gland into five areas: I (lateral superior), II (lateral inferior), III (deep superior), IV (deep inferior), V (accessory). RESULTS: The classification was easily applied and has presented no practical problem in the 44 patients operated. When analyzing the areas excised in surgery, the most common surgery was lateral inferior partial parotidectomy (removal of area II) in 47% of the cases. Lateral parotidectomy (removal of areas I and II) was the next most frequent, with 14 cases (33%). The remaining 20% was distributed among the other options. CONCLUSIONS: Our classification system appears to be a simple and easy way to define the surgery performed in each case, which simplifies the description of the resection performed, even in unusual resections.

Contemporary periodontal surgery: 1. Surgical principles.

UNLABELLED: Periodontal surgery comprises surgical intervention of the supporting tissues of the teeth. This ranges in complexity from simple exodontia to technically demanding periodontal plastic surgery and includes the management of periodontal diseases, implant placement and preparatory treatment for fixed and removable prostheses. Modern surgical management reflects both a move towards evidence-based practice and the introduction of improved techniques and armamentarium. General principles of surgical management hold true regardless of what procedure is being carried out. These principles form a sound basis for any practitioner contemplating surgical interventions for their patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A sound understanding of first principles will simplify periodontal surgical management. Careful surgical preparation will render surgical procedures more predictable and reduce post-operative discomfort.

Insurance billing and coding.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of understanding various numeric and alpha-numeric codes for accurately billing dental and medically related services to private pay or third-party insurance carriers. In the United States, common dental terminology (CDT) codes are most commonly used by dentists to submit claims, whereas current procedural terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD.9.CM) codes are more commonly used by physicians to bill for their services. The CPT and ICD.9.CM coding systems complement each other in that CPT codes provide the procedure and service information and ICD.9.CM codes provide the reason or rationale for a particular procedure or service. These codes are more commonly used for "medical necessity" determinations, and general dentists and specialists who routinely perform care, including trauma-related care, biopsies, and dental treatment as a result of or in anticipation of a cancer-related treatment, are likely to use these codes. Claim submissions for care provided can be completed electronically or by means of paper forms.

Paediatric minor oral surgical procedures under inhalation sedation and general anaesthetic: a comparison of variety and duration of treatment.

AIM: To develop baseline data in relation to paediatric minor oral surgical procedures undertaken with both general anaesthesia and nitrous oxide inhalation sedation within a Hospital Dental Service. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected prospectively over a three-year period from May 2003 to June 2006 for patients attending the Departments of Paediatric Dentistry, Dundee Dental Hospital and Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Great Britain, for all surgical procedures undertaken with either inhalation sedation or general anaesthetic. Both operator status and the procedure being undertaken were noted. In addition, the operating time was recorded. RESULTS: Data for 166 patients (F: 102; M: 64) with a median age of 12.50 (inter-quartile range 10.00, 14.20) years showed that 195 surgical procedures were undertaken. Of these 160 and 35 were with general anaesthetic and sedation respectively. The surgical removal of impacted, carious and supernumerary unit(s) accounted for 53.8% of all procedures, whilst the exposure of impacted teeth and soft tissue surgery represented 34.9% and 11.3% of procedures respectively. The median surgical time for techniques undertaken with sedation was 30.00 (inter-quartile range 25.00, 43.50) minutes whilst that for general anaesthetic was similar at 30.00 (inter-quartile range 15.25, 40.00) minutes (not statistically significant, (Mann Whitney U, W = 3081.5, P = 0.331). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of paediatric minor oral surgical procedures entail surgical exposure or removal of impacted teeth. The median treatment time for most procedures undertaken with either general anaesthetic or nitrous oxide sedation was 30 minutes.

Avaliação dos testes empregados para detecção de perfurações em luvas cirúrgicas / Evaluation of the tests used for detection of perforations in surgical gloves

A integridade das luvas cirúrgicas durante procedimentos de Cirurgia Bucal pode sofrer avarias. Dentro desse contexto, a reutilização das mesmas, seja para procedimentos invasivos ou não invasivos, prática ainda usada em alguns setores de saúde, que alegam ganho financeiro devido a poucos recursos disponíveis, é um risco desnecessário para o profissional e para o paciente. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiênciados testes de inspeção visual, auditiva e tátil, bem como variações dessas técnicas, empregados na detecçãode perfurações em luvas cirúrgicas. Quarenta pares de luvas cirúrgicas receberam perfurações com diferentesmateriais pérfuro-cortantes e foram submetidos a diferentes testes para avaliar a eficiência dos mesmos na detecção das perfurações. Os resultados mostram que os testes comumente utilizados para verificação de perfurações em luvas cirúrgicas, não são capazes de detectar todas as perfurações. Os achados demonstramque está totalmente contra-indicada a reutilização de luvas, sendo um risco desnecessário para o profissional e o paciente.

The integrity of the surgical gloves during procedures of Oral Surgery can suffer damages. Inside of this context, reuse of same for invasive or not invasive procedures, practice used in some health sectors who makeuse of it justify such practice through financial benefits an unnecessary risk both to the professional and the patient.Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the visual, auditory and tactile, as well as variations of these techniques, inspection tests used in thedetection of perforations in surgical gloves. Forty pairs of surgical gloves have holes with different perforationsmaterials and were subjected to various tests to assess the efficiency of them in detection of holes. The results show that the tests commonly used about to verification of perforations in surgical gloves, are not capable of detectingall the perforations. The finds demonstrate that is fully not indicated the reuse of gloves, being an unnecessary risk about to the professional and the patient.

Oral rehabilitation after mandibular reconstruction using an osteocutaneous fibula free flap with endosseous implants. Factors affecting the functional outcome in patients with oral cancer.

BACKGROUND: The development of endosseous implants and free vascularized bone grafting has permitted increased possibilities of oromandibular reconstruction in patients with oral cancer. In this study, a concept combining surgical and prosthodontic treatments for mandibular fibula free flap reconstruction after tumor surgery was made based on a classification of bone defects. A follow-up study was performed to evaluate the treatment concept for oral rehabilitation in order to identify possible factors which may influence the functional result. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A follow-up examination included 28 patients who underwent the ablative tumor surgery and mandibular reconstruction during a 4-year period. The follow-up protocol included clinical examination, radiological evaluation, and an interview using a standardized questionnaire. The timing of the study was set to allow for a minimum 2-year follow-up (mean 45 months). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the time of examination, prosthesis-based oral rehabilitation was completed in six patients (21%), and the prosthodontic work was still unfinished in four other patients. The other 18 had no dental prosthetic rehabilitation. Thirteen patients received a total of 37 oral implants, and 23 implants were functionally loaded. No implant loss was recorded. Oral functions such as speech, diet tolerance and oral competence were not directly affected by the presence of dentures. A decisive factor affecting the oral function was the extent of soft-tissue loss. According to the classification described here, the extent of the mandibular defect did not correlate with oral functions. The application of oral implants seemed to be advantageous for the oral rehabilitation of patients who had undergone intraoral resections.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery residency education.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is the recognized specialty of dentistry that is responsible for the diagnosis and surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and esthetic aspects of the bone and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. This article will present a review of the educational process for residents in oral and maxillofacial surgery as it has evolved and current training standards.

Use of dental services: an analysis of visits, procedures and providers, 1996.

BACKGROUND: While many studies have provided data on Americans' access to dental care, few have provided a detailed understanding of what specific treatments patients receive. This article provides detailed information about the types of dental services that Americans receive and the types of providers who render them. METHODS: The authors provide national estimates for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population in several socioeconomic and demographic categories regarding dental visits, procedures performed and the types of providers who performed them, using household data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, or MEPS. RESULTS: Data show that while the combination of diagnostic and preventive services adds up to 65 percent of all dental procedures, the combination of periodontal and endodontic procedures represents only 3 percent. Additionally, while 81 percent of all dental visits were reported as visits to general dentists, approximately 7 percent and 5 percent of respondents who had had a dental visit reported having visited orthodontists or oral surgeons, respectively. CONCLUSION: MEPS data show the magnitude and nature of dental visits in aggregate and for each of several demographic and socioeconomic categories. This information establishes a nationally representative baseline for the U.S. population in terms of rates of utilization, number and types of procedures and variations in types of providers performing the procedures. These nationally representative estimates include data elements that describe specific dental visits, dental procedures and type of provider, and they offer details that are useful, important and not found elsewhere. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: By understanding these analyses, U.S. dentists will be better positioned to provide care and better meet the dental care needs of all Americans.

Cardiac risk stratification for postmyocardial infarction dental patients.

Traditional dental management guidelines of myocardial infarction survivors mandate a 6-month waiting period before elective treatment can be considered. Technological advances in cardiac disease diagnosis, management, and revascularization treatment may make this older mandatory 6-month waiting period obsolete. The purposes of this literature review are to provide an overview of the historical development of cardiac risk stratification and discuss current developments and guidelines in cardiac risk assessment. We hope that this review and update will stimulate the development of updated dental guidelines for treating the cardiac patient.